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System information
Command	Description
# arch	show architecture of machine(1)   [man]
# cal 2007	show the timetable of 2007   [man]
# cat /proc/cpuinfo	show information CPU info   [man]
# cat /proc/interrupts	show interrupts   [man]
# cat /proc/meminfo	verify memory use   [man]
# cat /proc/swaps	show file(s) swap   [man]
# cat /proc/version	show version of the kernel   [man]
# cat /proc/net/dev	show network adpters and statistics   [man]
# cat /proc/mounts	show mounted file system(s)   [man]
# clock -w	save date changes on BIOS   [man]
# date	show system date   [man]
# date 041217002007.00	set date and time - MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds   [man]
# dmidecode -q	show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)   [man]
# hdparm -i /dev/hda	displays the characteristics of a hard-disk   [man]
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda	perform test reading on a hard-disk   [man]
# lspci -tv	display PCI devices   [man]
# lsusb -tv	show USB devices   [man]
# uname -m	show architecture of machine(2)   [man]
# uname -r	show used kernel version   [man]

 

Shutdown, Restart and Logout of a system
Command	Description
# init 0	shutdown system(2)   [man]
# logout	leaving session   [man]
# reboot	reboot(2)   [man]
# shutdown -h now	shutdown system(1)   [man]
# shutdown -h 16:30 &	planned shutdown of the system at 16:30   [man]
# shutdown -c	cancel a planned shutdown of the system   [man]
# shutdown -r now	reboot(1)   [man]
# telinit 0	shutdown system(3)   [man]

 

Files and Directory
Command	Description
# cd /home	enter to directory '/ home'   [man]
# cd ..	go back one level   [man]
# cd ../..	go back two levels   [man]
# cd	go to home directory   [man]
# cd ~user1	go to home directory   [man]
# cd -	go to previous directory   [man]
# cp file1 file2	copying a file   [man]
# cp dir/* .	copy all files of a directory within the current work directory   [man]
# cp -a /tmp/dir1 .	copy a directory within the current work directory   [man]
# cp -a dir1 dir2	copy a directory   [man]
# cp file file1	outputs the mime type of the file as text   [man]
# iconv -l	lists known encodings   [man]
# iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile	converting the coding of characters from one format to another   [man]
# find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert	batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)   [man]
# ln -s file1 lnk1	create a symbolic link to file or directory   [man]
# ln file1 lnk1	create a physical link to file or directory   [man]
# ls	view files of directory   [man]
# ls -F	view files of directory   [man]
# ls -l	show details of files and directory   [man]
# ls -a	show hidden files   [man]
# ls *[0-9]*	show files and directory containing numbers   [man]
# lstree	show files and directories in a tree starting from root(2)   [man]
# mkdir dir1	create a directory called 'dir1'   [man]
# mkdir dir1 dir2	create two directories simultaneously   [man]
# mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2	create a directory tree   [man]
# mv dir1 new_dir	rename / move a file or directory   [man]
# pwd	show the path of work directory   [man]
# rm -f file1	delete file called 'file1'   [man]
# rm -rf dir1	remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively   [man]
# rm -rf dir1 dir2	remove two directories and their contents recursively   [man]
# rmdir dir1	delete directory called 'dir1'   [man]
# touch -t 0712250000 file1	modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)   [man]
# tree	show files and directories in a tree starting from root(1)   [man]

 

File search
Command	Description
# find / -name file1	search file and directory into root filesystem from '/'   [man]
# find / -user user1	search files and directories belonging to 'user1'   [man]
# find /home/user1 -name \*.bin	search files with '. bin' extension within directory '/ home/user1'   [man]
# find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100	search binary files are not used in the last 100 days   [man]
# find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10	search files created or changed within 10 days   [man]
# find / -name *.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;	search files with '.rpm' extension and modify permits   [man]
# find / -xdev -name \*.rpm	search files with '.rpm' extension ignoring removable partitions as cdrom, pen-drive, etc.…   [man]
# locate \*.ps	find files with the '.ps' extension - first run 'updatedb' command   [man]
# whereis halt	show location of a binary file, source or man   [man]
# which halt	show full path to a binary / executable   [man]

 

Mounting a Filesystem
Command	Description
# fuser -km /mnt/hda2	force umount when the device is busy   [man]
# mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2	mount disk called hda2 - verify existence of the directory '/ mnt/hda2'   [man]
# mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy	mount a floppy disk   [man]
# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom	mount a cdrom / dvdrom   [man]
# mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder	mount a cdrw / dvdrom   [man]
# mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder	mount a cdrw / dvdrom   [man]
# mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom	mount a file or iso image   [man]
# mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5	mount a Windows FAT32 file system   [man]
# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk	mount a usb pen-drive or flash-drive   [man]
# mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share	mount a windows network share   [man]
# umount /dev/hda2	unmount disk called hda2 - exit from mount point '/ mnt/hda2' first   [man]
# umount -n /mnt/hda2	run umount without writing the file /etc/mtab - useful when the file is read-only or the hard disk is full   [man]

 

Disk Space
Command	Description
# df -h	show list of partitions mounted   [man]
# dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n	show the used space by installed deb packages, sorting by size (debian, ubuntu and alike)   [man]
# du -sh dir1	estimate space used by directory 'dir1'   [man]
# du -sk * | sort -rn	show size of the files and directories sorted by size   [man]
# ls -lSr |more	show size of the files and directories ordered by size   [man]
# rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n	show the used space by rpm packages installed sorted by size (fedora, redhat and alike)   [man]

 

Users and Groups
Command	Description
# chage -E 2005-12-31 user1	set deadline for user password   [man]
# groupadd [group]	create a new group   [man]
# groupdel [group]	delete a group   [man]
# groupmod -n moon sun	rename a group from moon to sun   [man]
# grpck	check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/group' and groups existence   [man]
# newgrp - [group]	log into a new group to change default group of newly created files   [man]
# passwd	change password   [man]
# passwd user1	change a user password (only by root)   [man]
# pwck	check correct syntax and file format of '/etc/passwd' and users existence   [man]
# useradd -c "User Linux" -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1	create a new user "user1" belongs "admin" group   [man]
# useradd user1	create a new user   [man]
# userdel -r user1	delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)   [man]
# usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1	change user attributes as description, group and other   [man]

 

Permits on Files
Command	Description
# chgrp group1 file1	change group of files   [man]
# chmod ugo+rwx directory1	set permissions reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users owner (u) group (g) and others (o)   [man]
# chmod go-rwx directory1	remove permits reading (r), write (w) and (x) access to users group (g) and others (or   [man]
# chmod u+s /bin/file1	set SUID bit on a binary file - the user that running that file gets same privileges as owner   [man]
# chmod u-s /bin/file1	disable SUID bit on a binary file   [man]
# chmod g+s /home/public	set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID but for directory   [man]
# chmod g-s /home/public	disable SGID bit on a directory   [man]
# chmod o+t /home/public	set STIKY bit on a directory - allows files deletion only to legitimate owners   [man]
# chmod o-t /home/public	disable STIKY bit on a directory   [man]
# chown user1 file1	change owner of a file   [man]
# chown -R user1 directory1	change user owner of a directory and all the files and directories contained inside   [man]
# chown user1:group1 file1	change user and group ownership of a file   [man]
# find / -perm -u+s	view all files on the system with SUID configured   [man]
# ls -lh	show permits on files   [man]
# ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS	divide terminal into 5 columns   [man]

 

Special Attributes on files
Command	Description
# chattr +a file1	allows write opening of a file only append mode   [man]
# chattr +c file1	allows that a file is compressed / decompressed automatically by the kernel   [man]
# chattr +d file1	makes sure that the program ignores Dump the files during backup   [man]
# chattr +i file1	makes it an immutable file, which can not be removed, altered, renamed or linked   [man]
# chattr +s file1	allows a file to be deleted safely   [man]
# chattr +S file1	makes sure that if a file is modified changes are written in synchronous mode as with sync   [man]
# chattr +u file1	allows you to recover the contents of a file even if it is canceled   [man]
# lsattr	show specials attributes   [man]

 

Archives and compressed files
Command	Description
# bunzip2 file1.bz2	decompress a file called 'file1.bz2'   [man]
# bzip2 file1	compress a file called 'file1'   [man]
# gunzip file1.gz	decompress a file called 'file1.gz'   [man]
# gzip file1	compress a file called 'file1'   [man]
# gzip -9 file1	compress with maximum compression   [man]
# rar a file1.rar test_file	create an archive rar called 'file1.rar'   [man]
# rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1	compress 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' simultaneously   [man]
# rar x file1.rar	decompress rar archive   [man]
# tar -cvf archive.tar file1	create a uncompressed tarball   [man]
# tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1	create an archive containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'   [man]
# tar -tf archive.tar	show contents of an archive   [man]
# tar -xvf archive.tar	extract a tarball   [man]
# tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp	extract a tarball into / tmp   [man]
# tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1	create a tarball compressed into bzip2   [man]
# tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2	decompress a compressed tar archive in bzip2   [man]
# tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1	create a tarball compressed into gzip   [man]
# tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz	decompress a compressed tar archive in gzip   [man]
# unrar x file1.rar	decompress rar archive   [man]
# unzip file1.zip	decompress a zip archive   [man]
# zip file1.zip file1	create an archive compressed in zip   [man]
# zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1	compress in zip several files and directories simultaneously   [man]

 

RPM Packages ( Fedora, Red Hat and like)
Command	Description
# rpm -ivh [package.rpm]	install a rpm package   [man]
# rpm -ivh --nodeeps [package.rpm]	install a rpm package ignoring dependencies requests   [man]
# rpm -U [package.rpm]	upgrade a rpm package without changing configuration files   [man]
# rpm -F [package.rpm]	upgrade a rpm package only if it is already installed   [man]
# rpm -e [package]	remove a rpm package   [man]
# rpm -qa	show all rpm packages installed on the system   [man]
# rpm -qa | grep httpd	show all rpm packages with the name "httpd"   [man]
# rpm -qi [package]	obtain information on a specific package installed   [man]
# rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"	show rpm packages of a group software   [man]
# rpm -ql [package]	show list of files provided by a rpm package installed   [man]
# rpm -qc [package]	show list of configuration files provided by a rpm package installed   [man]
# rpm -q [package] --whatrequires	show list of dependencies required for a rpm packet   [man]
# rpm -q [package] --whatprovides	show capability provided by a rpm package   [man]
# rpm -q [package] --scripts	show scripts started during installation / removal   [man]
# rpm -q [package] --changelog	show history of revisions of a rpm package   [man]
# rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf	verify which rpm package belongs to a given file   [man]
# rpm -qp [package.rpm] -l	show list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed   [man]
# rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY	import public-key digital signature   [man]
# rpm --checksig [package.rpm]	verify the integrity of a rpm package   [man]
# rpm -qa gpg-pubkey	verify integrity of all rpm packages installed   [man]
# rpm -V [package]	check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification   [man]
# rpm -Va	check all rpm packages installed on the system - use with caution   [man]
# rpm -Vp [package.rpm]	verify a rpm package not yet installed   [man]
# rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/[package.rpm]	install a package built from a rpm source   [man]
# rpm2cpio [package.rpm] | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin*	extract executable file from a rpm package   [man]
# rpmbuild --rebuild [package.src.rpm]	build a rpm package from a rpm source   [man]

 

YUM packages tool (Fedora, RedHat and alike)
Command	Description
# yum -y install [package]	download and install a rpm package   [man]
# yum localinstall [package.rpm]	That will install an RPM, and try to resolve all the dependencies for you using your repositories.   [man]
# yum -y update	update all rpm packages installed on the system   [man]
# yum update [package]	upgrade a rpm package   [man]
# yum remove [package]	remove a rpm package   [man]
# yum list	list all packages installed on the system   [man]
# yum search [package]	find a package on rpm repository   [man]
# yum clean [package]	clean up rpm cache erasing downloaded packages   [man]
# yum clean headers	remove all files headers that the system uses to resolve dependency   [man]
# yum clean all	remove from the cache packages and headers files   [man]

 

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