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DEB packages (Debian, Ubuntu and like)
Command Description
# dpkg -i [package.deb]
install / upgrade a deb package [man ]
# dpkg -r [package]
remove a deb package from the system [man ]
# dpkg -l
show all deb packages installed on the system [man ]
# dpkg -l | grep httpd
show all deb packages with the name "httpd" [man ]
# dpkg -s [package]
obtain information on a specific package installed on system [man ]
# dpkg -L [package]
show list of files provided by a package installed on system [man ]
# dpkg --contents [package.deb]
show list of files provided by a package not yet installed [man ]
# dpkg -S /bin/ping
verify which package belongs to a given file [man ]
APT packages tool (Debian, Ubuntu and alike)
Command Description
# apt-cache search [package]
returns list of packages which corresponds string "searched-packages" [man ]
# apt-cdrom install [package]
install / upgrade a deb package from cdrom [man ]
# apt-get install [package]
install / upgrade a deb package [man ]
# apt-get update
update the package list [man ]
# apt-get upgrade
upgrade all of the installed packages [man ]
# apt-get remove [package]
remove a deb package from system [man ]
# apt-get check
verify correct resolution of dependencies [man ]
# apt-get clean
clean up cache from packages downloaded [man ]
Pacman packages tool (Arch, Frugalware and alike)
Command Description
# pacman -S name
Install package 'name' with dependencies [man ]
# pacman -R name
Delete package 'name' and all files of it [man ]
View file content
Command Description
# cat file1
view the contents of a file starting from the first row [man ]
# head -2 file1
view first two lines of a file [man ]
# less file1
similar to 'more' command but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement [man ]
# more file1
view content of a file along [man ]
# tac file1
view the contents of a file starting from the last line [man ]
# tail -2 file1
view last two lines of a file [man ]
# tail -f /var/log/messages
view in real time what is added to a file [man ]
Text Manipulation
Command Description
# cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'
remove all even lines from example.txt [man ]
# echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'
view the first column of a line [man ]
# echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'
view the first and third column of a line [man ]
# cat -n file1
number row of a file [man ]
# comm -1 file1 file2
compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file1' [man ]
# comm -2 file1 file2
compare contents of two files by deleting only unique lines from 'file2' [man ]
# comm -3 file1 file2
compare contents of two files by deleting only the lines that appear on both files [man ]
# diff file1 file2
find differences between two files [man ]
# grep Aug /var/log/messages
look up words "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' [man ]
# grep ^Aug /var/log/messages
look up words that begin with "Aug" on file '/var/log/messages' [man ]
# grep [0-9] /var/log/messages
select from file '/var/log/messages' all lines that contain numbers [man ]
# grep Aug -R /var/log/*
search string "Aug" at directory '/var/log' and below [man ]
# paste file1 file2
merging contents of two files for columns [man ]
# paste -d '+' file1 file2
merging contents of two files for columns with '+' delimiter on the center [man ]
# sdiff file1 file2
find differences between two files and merge interactively alike "diff" [man ]
# sed 's/string1/string2/g' example.txt
replace "string1" with "string2" in example.txt [man ]
# sed '/^$/d' example.txt
remove all blank lines from example.txt [man ]
# sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt
remove comments and blank lines from example.txt [man ]
# sed -e '1d' exampe.txt
eliminates the first line from file example.txt [man ]
# sed -n '/string1/p'
view only lines that contain the word "string1" [man ]
# sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt
remove empty characters at the end of each row [man ]
# sed -e 's/string1//g' example.txt
remove only the word "string1" from text and leave intact all [man ]
# sed -n '1,5p' example.txt
print from 1th to 5th row of example.txt [man ]
# sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt
print row number 5 of example.txt [man ]
# sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt
replace more zeros with a single zero [man ]
# sort file1 file2
sort contents of two files [man ]
# sort file1 file2 | uniq
sort contents of two files omitting lines repeated [man ]
# sort file1 file2 | uniq -u
sort contents of two files by viewing only unique line [man ]
# sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
sort contents of two files by viewing only duplicate line [man ]
# echo 'word' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
convert from lower case in upper case [man ]
Character set and Format file conversion
Command Description
# dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt
convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX [man ]
# recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html
convert a text file to html [man ]
# recode -l | more
show all available formats conversion [man ]
# unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt
convert a text file format from UNIX to MSDOS [man ]
Filesystem Analysis
Command Description
# badblocks -v /dev/hda1
check bad blocks on disk hda1 [man ]
# dosfsck /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of dos filesystems on disk hda1 [man ]
# e2fsck /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# e2fsck -j /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# fsck /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of linux filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of ext2 filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of ext3 filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# fsck.vfat /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of fat filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
# fsck.msdos /dev/hda1
repair / check integrity of dos filesystem on disk hda1 [man ]
Format a Filesystem
Command Description
# fdformat -n /dev/fd0
format a floppy disk [man ]
# mke2fs /dev/hda1
create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition [man ]
# mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
create a filesystem type linux ext3 (journal) on hda1 partition [man ]
# mkfs /dev/hda1
create a filesystem type linux on hda1 partition [man ]
# mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1
create a FAT32 filesystem [man ]
# mkswap /dev/hda3
create a swap filesystem [man ]
Filesystem SWAP
Command Description
# mkswap /dev/hda3
create a swap filesystem [man ]
# swapon /dev/hda3
activating a new swap partition [man ]
# swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3
activate two swap partitions [man ]
Backup
Command Description
# find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2
find all files with '.log' extention and make an bzip archive [man ]
# find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents
find and copy all files with '.txt' extention from a directory to another [man ]
# dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'
make a backup of a local hard disk on remote host via ssh [man ]
# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1
backup content of the harddrive to a file [man ]
# dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1
make a copy of MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy [man ]
# dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1
restore MBR from backup copy saved to floppy [man ]
# dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
make a full backup of directory '/home' [man ]
# dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home
make a incremental backup of directory '/home' [man ]
# restore -if /tmp/home0.bak
restoring a backup interactively [man ]
# rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp
synchronization between directories [man ]
# rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp
rsync via SSH tunnel [man ]
# rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local
synchronize a local directory with a remote directory via ssh and compression [man ]
# rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public
synchronize a remote directory with a local directory via ssh and compression [man ]
# tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user
make a incremental backup of directory '/home/user' [man ]
# ( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'
copy content of a directory on remote directory via ssh [man ]
# ( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'
copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh [man ]
# tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )
local copy preserving permits and links from a directory to another [man ]
CDROM
Command Description
# cd-paranoia -B
rip audio tracks from a CD to wav files [man ]
# cd-paranoia --
rip first three audio tracks from a CD to wav files [man ]
# cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force
clean a rewritable cdrom [man ]
# cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso
burn an ISO image [man ]
# gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -
burn a compressed ISO image [man ]
# cdrecord --scanbus
scan bus to identify the channel scsi [man ]
# dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum
perform an md5sum on a device, like a CD [man ]
# mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso
create an iso image of cdrom on disk [man ]
# mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz
create a compressed iso image of cdrom on disk [man ]
# mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V
create an iso image of a directory [man ]
# mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso
mount an ISO image [man ]
Networking (LAN / WiFi)
Command Description
# dhclient eth0
active interface 'eth0' in dhcp mode [man ]
# ethtool eth0
show network statistics of eth0 [man ]
# host www.example.com
lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa [man ]
# hostname
show hostname of system [man ]
# ifconfig eth0
show configuration of an ethernet network card [man ]
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
configure IP Address [man ]
# ifconfig eth0 promisc
configure 'eth0' in promiscuous mode to gather packets (sniffing) [man ]
# ifdown eth0
disable an interface 'eth0' [man ]
# ifup eth0
activate an interface 'eth0' [man ]
# ip link show
show link status of all network interfaces [man ]
# iwconfig eth1
show wireless networks [man ]
# iwlist scan
wifi scanning to display the wireless connections available [man ]
# mii-tool eth0
show link status of 'eth0' [man ]
# netstat -tup
show all active network connections and their PID [man ]
# netstat -tupl
show all network services listening on the system and their PID [man ]
# netstat -rn
show routing table alike "route -n" [man ]
# nslookup www.example.com
lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa [man ]
# route -n
show routing table [man ]
# route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway
configure default gateway [man ]
# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1
configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16' [man ]
# route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway
remove static route [man ]
# echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
activate ip routing temporarily [man ]
# tcpdump tcp port 80
show all http traffic [man ]
# whois www.example.com
lookup on Whois database [man ]
Microsoft Windows networks (samba)
Command Description
# mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share
mount a windows network share [man ]
# nbtscan ip_addr
netbios name resolution [man ]
# nmblookup -A ip_addr
netbios name resolution [man ]
# smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname
show remote shares of a windows host [man ]
# smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share
like wget can download files from a host windows via smb [man ]
IPTABLES (firewall)
Command Description
# iptables -t filter -L
show all chains of filtering table [man ]
# iptables -t nat -L
show all chains of nat table [man ]
# iptables -t filter -F
clear all rules from filtering table [man ]
# iptables -t nat -F
clear all rules from table nat [man ]
# iptables -t filter -X
delete any chains created by user [man ]
# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp --dport telnet -j ACCEPT
allow telnet connections to input [man ]
# iptables -t filter -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport http -j DROP
block http connections to output [man ]
# iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport pop3 -j ACCEPT
allow POP3 connections to forward chain [man ]
# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -j LOG --log-prefix
Logging on input chain [man ]
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
configure a PAT (Port Address Traslation) on eth0 masking outbound packets [man ]
# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -d 192.168.0.1 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.0.0.2:22
redirect packets addressed to a host to another host [man ]
Monitoring and debugging
Command Description
# free -m
displays status of RAM in megabytes [man ]
# kill -9 process_id
force closure of the process and finish it [man ]
# kill -1 process_id
force a process to reload configuration [man ]
# last reboot
show history reboot [man ]
# lsmod
display kernel loaded [man ]
# lsof -p process_id
display a list of files opened by processes [man ]
# lsof /home/user1
displays a list of open files in a given path system [man ]
# ps -eafw
displays linux tasks [man ]
# ps -e -o pid,args --forest
displays linux tasks in a hierarchical mode [man ]
# pstree
Shows a tree system processes [man ]
# smartctl -A /dev/hda
monitoring reliability of a hard-disk through SMART [man ]
# smartctl -i /dev/hda
check if SMART is active on a hard-disk [man ]
# strace -c ls >/dev/null
display system calls made and received by a process [man ]
# strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null
display library calls [man ]
# tail /var/log/dmesg
show events inherent to the process of booting kernel [man ]
# tail /var/log/messages
show system events [man ]
# top
display linux tasks using most cpu [man ]
# watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
display interrupts in real-time [man ]
Others useful commands
Command Description
# alias hh='history'
set an alias for a command - hh = history [man ]
# apropos ...keyword
display a list of commands that pertain to keywords of a program , useful when you know what your program does, but you don't know the name of the command [man ]
# chsh
change shell command [man ]
# chsh --list-shells
nice command to know if you have to remote into another box [man ]
# gpg -c file1
encrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard [man ]
# gpg file1.gpg
decrypt a file with GNU Privacy Guard [man ]
# ldd /usr/bin/ssh
show shared libraries required by ssh program [man ]
# man ping
display the on-line manual pages for example on ping command - use '-k' option to find any related commands [man ]
# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 `uname -r`
create a boot floppy [man ]
# wget -r www.example.com
download an entire web site [man ]
# wget -c www.example.com/file.iso
download a file with the ability to stop the download and resume later [man ]
# echo 'wget -c www.example.com/files.iso' | at 09:00
start a download at any given time [man ]
# whatis ...keyword
displays description of what a program does [man ]
# who -a
show who is logged on, and print: time of last system boot, dead processes, system login processes, active processes spawned by init, current runlevel, last system clock change [man ]
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